ВИБІР АДСОРБЕНТУ З ВІДХОДІВ АПК ТА НАНОТРУБОК ДЛЯ БЕЗПЕКИ РОСЛИННОЇ ОЛІЇ

The aim of this investigation is to find the most effective adsorbent that provides the highest level of removal the peroxide compounds and benzopyrene from sunflower oil using the surfactants. In the technology of sun flower oil refining the particular place is allocated for the absorption refining that lets considerably decrease the content of substances are soluble in the vegetable oils – pigments, waxes, the rests of phospholipids, soaps and oxidation products (primary and secondary ones), metal ions as well, and in such a way increase considerably the oil quality and improve its subsequent refinement. The effectiveness of refinement by absorption is determined with choice of the absorbent in considerable extent, but such a choice is not sufficient in Ukraine, and that because this study is dedicated to the absorbent development on the base of sun flower seeds wastes left after their treatment – their shells. The raw materials of these wastes will be exposed to the pyrolysis stage similar to the nanotubes obtained from coke pyrolysis. This carbon – containing product has been tested as absorbent in order to increase the quality of sunflower oil.  Целью исследования было выявление наиболее эффективного адсорбента, который обеспечивал бы большую степень выведения перекисных соединений и бенз(а)пирена ПАВ из подсолнечного масла. В технологии рафинации подсолнечного масла особое место предназначено адсорбционной очистке, которая позволяет значительно снизить содержание растворенных в масле веществ – пигментов, восков, остатков фосфолипидов, а также мыл, продуктов окисления (первичных и вторичных), йонов металлов и таким образом значительно повысить качество масел и улучшить его дальнейшую переработку. Эффективность адсорбционного очищения в значительной мере определяется выбором адсорбента, выбор которых на Украине недостаточен, поэтому работа посвящена разработке адсорбента на основе отходов переработки семян подсолнечника-лузги. Сырье из отходов проходит стадию пиролиза так же как и нанотрубки, которые получают при пиролизе кокса. Этот углеродсодержащий продукт испытывался в качестве адсорбента для повышения качества подсолнечного масла.Метою дослідження є виявлення найбільш ефективного адсорбенту, що забезпечує найбільший ступінь виведення перекисних сполук та бенз(а)пірену ПАВ із соняшникової олії. У технології рафінації соняшникової олії особливе місце визначено адсорбційному очищенню, яке дозволяє значно знизити вміст розчинених у рослинних оліях речовин – пігментів, восків, залишків фосфоліпідів, а також мила, продуктів окиснення (первинних та вторинних), іонів металів і, таким чином,  значно підвищити якість олії та покращити її подальшу переробку. Ефективність адсорбційного очищення значною мірою визначається вибором адсорбенту, вибір яких на Україні ще недостатній, тому робота присвячена розробці адсорбенту на основі відходів переробки насіння соняшника – його лушпиння. Сировина з відходів проходить стадію піролізу як і нанотрубки, що отримують при піролізі коксу. Цей вуглецевміщуючий продукт випробувався як адсорбенту для підвищення якості соняшникової олії. &nbsp

Vaccination with attenuated Salmonella enterica Dublin expressing E coli O157:H7 outer membrane protein Intimin induces transient reduction of fecal shedding of E coli O157:H7 in cattle

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Escherichia coli </it>serogroup O157:H7 has emerged as an important zoonotic bacterial pathogen, causing a range of symptoms from self-limiting bloody diarrhea to severe hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans. Beef and dairy cattle are considered the most important animal reservoirs for this pathogen. One of the important virulence characteristics of <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 is the <it>eaeA </it>gene encoding the 97 kDa surface protein intimin. Intimin is required for attachment and effacement during the interaction of enterohemorrhagic <it>E. coli </it>with human and bovine neonatal enterocytes. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that an adaptive mucosal immune response directed against intimin will reduce or prevent enteric colonization and fecal shedding of <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 in cattle.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Cattle were orally inoculated with either milk (control), milk with live attenuated <it>Salmonella enterica </it>serovar Dublin (vector), or milk with live attenuated recombinant <it>S</it>. Dublin expressing intimin (vaccinated) on days 0, 14 and 28. On day 98, all calves were challenged orally with <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 to evaluate whether vaccination with the recombinant <it>S</it>. Dublin expressing intimin would reduce the level of <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 fecal shedding.</p> <p>During the first 28 days, vaccinated calves shed both the vector strain and the intimin-expressing <it>S</it>. Dublin strain at a similar level. The vector strain was shed for a significantly longer period as compared to the level of recombinant vaccine strain. Calves that received the intimin-expressed vaccine ceased shedding <it>S</it>. Dublin from day 28 to day 63. All calves were challenged with <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 on day 98 to determine the effect on fecal shedding of <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7. The amount of <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 in feces was measured for 30 days post-challenge. We observed a transient clearance of <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 from the feces in the vaccinated calves. The magnitude of fecal <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 shedding did not correlate with the presence of intimin-specific fecal IgA.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Oral vaccination with live attenuated recombinant <it>S</it>. Dublin expressing intimin reduced enteric colonization and fecal shedding of <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7. However, the transient clearance of <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 was not associated with an enhanced IgA-mediated mucosal immune response.</p

Incidence of injury in adult elite women's football: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aim: To estimate the incidence of injury in adult elite women's football and to characterise the nature and anatomical location of injuries. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources: Combinations of the key terms were entered into the following electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Science Direct and Discover) from inception to May 2021. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: (1) Used a prospective cohort design; (2) captured data on elite adult women players; (3) reported injury incidence by anatomical site; (4) captured data of at least one season or national team tournament; (5) included a definition of injury; and (6) written in English. Results: The search identified 1378 records. Twelve studies published between 1991 and 2018 were included in our review and sampled 129 teams. In domestic club football, injury incidence rate was estimated to be 5.7/1000 hours (total), 19.5/1000 hours (match) and 3.1/1000 hours (training). In tournament, football match incidence was estimated to be 55.7/1000 hours. The knee (22.8%; 368/1822) was the most common site of injury in domestic club football. The ankle (23.7%, 105/443) was the most common site of injury in tournament football. Ligament sprains were the most common type of injury (27.8%), followed by muscle strains (19.1%). Severn studies (58%) had a high risk of bias associated with exposure definition and measurement and considerable heterogeneity exists between the included studies (I2=49.7%-95%). Summary/conclusion: Ligament sprains occur more frequently in adult elite women football players. We advise caution in interpretating point estimates of the incidence of injury due to high statistical heterogeneity. Standardising injury reporting and the accurate recording of match and training exposure will overcome such limitations. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019130407.su

Febrile Neutropenia in Children: Etiologies, Outcomes, and Risk Factors with Prolonged Fever

Most studies of children with prolonged fever and neutropenia (PFN) have focused on invasive fungal disease (IFD) as the etiology of fever and not on other causes. Data are lacking regarding risk factors and adverse outcomes in pediatric cancer patients with PFN compared with those whose fevers resolve more rapidly. Retrospective medical record review was performed for all cancer patients with febrile neutropenia (FN) in the pediatric oncology unit at University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children’s Hospital from March 2009 to July 2016. Resolving febrile neutropenia (RFN), lasting less than 96 hours, and PFN episodes (≥ 96 hours) were compared to identify risk factors and outcomes associated with PFN. A total of 572 FN episodes were identified in 265 patients. PFN occurred in 119 (21%) FN episodes (50 patients) and RFN occurred in 453 (79%) FN episodes (215 patients). In multivariable analysis, autologous stem cell transplant (odds ratio [OR] 6.5, P 39°C at the time of presentation (OR 2.4, P<0.01) and absolute monocyte count (AMC) <100 cells/m3 (OR 2.7, P=<0.01) were independently associated with PFN. Pneumonia, neutropenic enterocolitis and IFD were more common etiologies of fever in PFN compared with RFN. Patients with PFN were more likely to be admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit [OR 3, (95%CI, 1.66%-5.28%), P<0.001] and had a trend toward higher 30-day mortality [OR 3.8, (95%CI, 0.52%-29.32%), P=0.07]. Patients with PFN are at increased risk for serious illness and death. A better understanding of the etiologies of PFN other than IFD is needed to be able to appropriately diagnose and treat this high-risk group

Sustained release formulation of an anti-tuberculosis drug based on para-amino salicylic acid-zinc layered hydroxide nanocomposite

Background: Tuberculosis (TB), is caused by the bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its a threat to humans since centuries. Depending on the type of TB, its treatment can last for 6-24 months which is a major cause for patients non-compliance and treatment failure. Many adverse effects are associated with the currently available TB medicines, and there has been no new anti-tuberculosis drug on the market for more than 50 year, as the drug development is very lengthy and budget consuming process.Development of the biocompatible nano drug delivery systems with the ability to minimize the side effects of the drugs, protection of the drug from enzymatic degradation. And most importantly the drug delivery systems which can deliver the drug at target site would increase the therapeutic efficacy. Nanovehicles with their tendency to release the drug in a sustained manner would result in the bioavalibilty of the drugs in the body for a longer period of time and this would reduce the dosing frequency in drug administration. The biocompatible nanovehicles with the properties like sustained release of drug of the target site, protection of the drug from physio-chemical degradation, reduction in dosing frequency, and prolong bioavailability of drug in the body would result in the shortening of the treatment duration. All of these factors would improve the patient compliance with chemotherapy of TB.Result: An anti-tuberculosis drug, 4-amino salicylic acid (4-ASA) was successfully intercalated into the interlamellae of zinc layered hydroxide (ZLH) via direct reaction with zinc oxide suspension. The X-ray diffraction patterns and FTIR analyses indicate that the molecule was successfully intercalated into the ZLH interlayer space with an average basal spacing of 24 Å. Furthermore, TGA and DTG results show that the drug 4-ASA is stabilized in the interlayers by electrostatic interaction. The release of 4-ASA from the nanocomposite was found to be in a sustained manner. The nanocomposite treated with normal 3T3 cells shows it reduces cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner.Conclusions: Sustained release formulation of the nanocomposite, 4-ASA intercalated into zinc layered hydroxides, with its ease of preparation, sustained release of the active and less-toxic to the cell is a step forward for a more patient-friendly chemotherapy of Tuberculosis

Applying Benford’s law to detect accounting data manipulation in the banking industry

We utilise Benford’s Law to test if balance sheet and income statement data broadly used to assess bank soundness were manipulated prior to and also during the global financial crisis. We find that all banks resort to loan loss provisions to manipulate earnings and income upwards. Distressed institutions that have stronger incentives to conceal their financial difficulties resort additionally to manipulating loan loss allowances and non-performing loans downwards. Moreover, manipulation is magnified during the crisis and expands to encompass regulatory capital

Obesity and male breast cancer: Provocative parallels?

While rare compared to female breast cancer the incidence of male breast cancer (MBC) has increased in the last few decades. Without comprehensive epidemiological studies, the explanation for the increased incidence of MBC can only be speculated. Nevertheless, one of the most worrying global public health issues is the exponential rise in the number of overweight and obese people, especially in the developed world. Although obesity is not considered an established risk factor for MBC, studies have shown increased incidence among obese individuals. With this observation in mind, this article highlights the correlation between the increased incidence of MBC and the current trends in obesity as a growing problem in the 21st century, including how this may impact treatment. With MBC becoming more prominent we put forward the notion that, not only is obesity a risk factor for MBC, but that increasing obesity trends are a contributing factor to its increased incidence

Mathematical Model of Plasmid-Mediated Resistance to Ceftiofur in Commensal Enteric Escherichia coli of Cattle

Antimicrobial use in food animals may contribute to antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animals and humans. Commensal bacteria of animal intestine may serve as a reservoir of resistance-genes. To understand the dynamics of plasmid-mediated resistance to cephalosporin ceftiofur in enteric commensals of cattle, we developed a deterministic mathematical model of the dynamics of ceftiofur-sensitive and resistant commensal enteric Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the absence of and during parenteral therapy with ceftiofur. The most common treatment scenarios including those using a sustained-release drug formulation were simulated; the model outputs were in agreement with the available experimental data. The model indicated that a low but stable fraction of resistant enteric E. coli could persist in the absence of immediate ceftiofur pressure, being sustained by horizontal and vertical transfers of plasmids carrying resistance-genes, and ingestion of resistant E. coli. During parenteral therapy with ceftiofur, resistant enteric E. coli expanded in absolute number and relative frequency. This expansion was most influenced by parameters of antimicrobial action of ceftiofur against E. coli. After treatment (>5 weeks from start of therapy) the fraction of ceftiofur-resistant cells among enteric E. coli, similar to that in the absence of treatment, was most influenced by the parameters of ecology of enteric E. coli, such as the frequency of transfer of plasmids carrying resistance-genes, the rate of replacement of enteric E. coli by ingested E. coli, and the frequency of ceftiofur resistance in the latter